Brain Cancer

1. Dowling AV, Seitzman BA, Mitchell TJ, et al. Cognition and Brain System Segregation in Pediatric Brain Tumor Patients Treated with Proton Therapy. Int J Part Ther. 2023;10(1):32-42. doi:10.14338/IJPT-22-00039.1

2. Eekers, D. B. P., Zegers, C. M. L., Ahmed, K. A., Amelio, D., Gupta, T., Harrabi, S. B., Kazda, T., Scartoni, D., Seidel, C., Shih, H. A., Minniti, G. (2024). “Controversies in neuro-oncology: Focal proton versus photon radiation therapy for adult brain tumors.” Neuro-Oncology Practice, 11(4), 369. doi:10.1093/nop/npae040.

3. Aderinto N, Olatunji G, Kokori E, Olatunji D, Omoworare O, Babalola AE, Ezeano C, Olusanya DA, Isarinade DT, Akinoso A, Akinboade A, Moradeyo A, Nkrumah Ababio N. A review of proton beam therapy’s role in glioma management. Medicine. 2025;104(27): e43071. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000043071.

Breast and Gynecologic Cancer

1. Pollock AE, Risher H, Berger M, Roque DM, Rao G, Nichols EM, Mohindra P. Clinical Outcomes of Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Reirradiation for Gynecologic Malignancies. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2023 Feb 25;8(4):101191. doi: 10.1016/j.adro.2023.101191. PMID: 37213483; PMCID: PMC10196228.

2. Meixner, E., Wark, A., Forster, T. et al. Health-related quality of life and patient-reported symptoms after postoperative proton beam radiotherapy of cervical and endometrial cancer: 2-year results of the prospective phase II APROVE-trial. Radiat Oncol 18, 5 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13014-023-02198-4

3. Xiang M, Chang DT, Pollom EL. Second cancer risk after primary cancer treatment with three-dimensional conformal, intensity-modulated, or proton beam radiation therapy. Cancer. 2020 Aug 1;126(15):3560-3568. doi: 10.1002/cncr.32938. Epub 2020 May 19. PMID: 32426866.

4. Kammerer E, Guevelou JL, Chaikh A, Danhier S, Geffrelot J, Levy C, Saloux E, Habrand JL, Thariat J. Proton therapy for locally advanced breast cancer: A systematic review of the literature. Cancer Treat Rev. 2018 Feb;63:19-27. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.11.006. Epub 2017 Nov 24. PMID: 29197746.

5. Weber DC, Ares C, Lomax AJ, Kurtz JM. Radiation therapy planning with photons and protons for early and advanced breast cancer: an overview. Radiat Oncol. 2006 Jul 20;1:22. doi: 10.1186/1748-717X-1-22. PMID: 16857055; PMCID: PMC1553457.

6. Brooks ED, Mailhot Vega RB, Vivers E, Burchianti T, Liang X, Spiguel LR, Jasra B, Mendenhall NP, Oladeru OT, Bradley JA. Proton Therapy for Bilateral Breast Cancer Maximizes Normal-Tissue Sparing. Int J Part Ther. 2023 Mar 6;9(4):290-301. doi: 10.14338/IJPT-22-00041.1. PMID: 37169011; PMCID: PMC10166012.

7. https://www.astro.org/news-and-publications/news-and-media-center/news-releases/2025/first-randomized-study-comparing-proton-and-photon-radiation-therapy-for-breast-cancer-finds-both-pr

Esophageal Cancer

1. Lin SH, Hobbs BP, Verma V, Tidwell RS, Smith GL, Lei X, Corsini EM, Mok I, Wei X, Yao L, Wang X, Komaki RU, Chang JY, Chun SG, Jeter MD, Swisher SG, Ajani JA, Blum-Murphy M, Vaporciyan AA, Mehran RJ, Koong AC, Gandhi SJ, Hofstetter WL, Hong TS, Delaney TF, Liao Z, Mohan R. Randomized Phase IIB Trial of Proton Beam Therapy Versus Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2020 May 10;38(14):1569-1579. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.02503. Epub 2020 Mar 11. PMID: 32160096; PMCID: PMC7213588.

2. Wang J, Wei C, Tucker SL, Myles B, Palmer M, Hofstetter WL, Swisher SG, Ajani JA, Cox JD, Komaki R, Liao Z, Lin SH. Predictors of postoperative complications after trimodality therapy for esophageal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013 Aug 1;86(5):885-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.04.006. PMID: 23845841; PMCID: PMC3786201.

3. Kobeissi, J. M., Simone II, C. B., Hilal, L., Wu, A. J., Lin, H., Crane, C. H., & Hajj, C. (2022). Proton Therapy in the Management of Luminal Gastrointestinal Cancers: Esophagus, Stomach, and Anorectum.

4. Zhou P, Du Y, Zhang Y, et al. Efficacy and Safety in Proton Therapy and Photon Therapy for Patients With Esophageal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(8):e2328136. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.28136

Gastrointestinal Cancer

1. Kobeissi, J. M., Simone II, C. B., Hilal, L., Wu, A. J., Lin, H., Crane, C. H., & Hajj, C. (2022). Proton Therapy in the Management of Luminal Gastrointestinal Cancers: Esophagus, Stomach, and Anorectum.

2. Hu M, Jiang L, Cui X, Zhang J, Yu J. Proton beam therapy for cancer in the era of precision medicine. Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 2018;11(1):136. doi:10.1186/s13045-018-0683-4.

3. Nichols RC Jr, Huh S, Li Z, Rutenberg M. “Proton therapy for pancreatic cancer.” World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 2015 Sep 15; 7(9):141–147. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v7.i9.141

4. Anand A, Bues M, Rule WG, Keole SR, Beltran CJ, Yin J, Haddock MG, Hallemeier CL, Miller RC, Ashman JB. “Scanning proton beam therapy reduces normal tissue exposure in pelvic radiotherapy for anal cancer.” Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2015 Dec;117(3):505-508. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2015.10.027.

Head & Neck Cancer

1. Frank, S. J., Busse, P. M., Lee, J. J., Rosenthal, D. I., Hernandez, M., Swanson, D. M., Garden, A. S., Gunn, G. B., Patel, S. H., Snider, J. W., Ma, D. J., Molitoris, J. K., Lee, N. Y., Parvathaneni, U., McDonald, M. W., Kalman, N. S., & … (2025). Proton versus photon radiotherapy for patients with oropharyngeal cancer in the USA: A multicentre, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority phase 3 trial. The Lancet, 407(10524), 174–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01962-2

2. Lee A, Kitpanit S, Chilov M, Langendijk JA, Lu J, Lee NY. A Systematic Review of Proton Therapy for the Management of Nasopharyngeal Cancer. Int J Part Ther. 2021; 8(1):119–130. doi:10.14338/IJPT-20-00082.1

3. Zarinshenas R, Campbell P, Sun K, et al. Disease and toxicity outcomes for a modern cohort of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of cutaneous origin involving the parotid gland: Comparison of volumetric modulated arc therapy and pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Radiother Oncol. 2024

HPV Cancer

1. Taku N, Wang L, Garden AS, et al. “Proton Therapy for HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancers of the Head and Neck: a De-Intensification Strategy.” Current Treatment Options in Oncology, 2021. DOI: 10.1007/s11864-021-00847-y

2. Razavian NB, Shenker RF, Smith S, et al. “Toxicity and Oncologic Outcomes of Proton Radiotherapy for Oropharyngeal Cancer.” Cureus, 2025

Pediatric Cancer

1. Naoya Kaneko, Shuntaro Morikawa, Megumi Endo, Nozomi Hishimur, Liu Zhitong, Takeshi Yamaguchi, Hisato Segoe, Jutaro Abe, Kazumi Oura, Saori Sawai, Minako Sugiyama, Yukayo Terashita, Shinsuke Hirabayashi, Yuko Cho, Akie Nakamura, Yukitomo Ishi, Seishin Takao, Yuto Matsuo, Shigeru Yamaguchi, Takayuki Hashimoto, Atsushi Manabe. Endocrine disorders in pediatric medulloblastoma survivors treated with X-ray or proton beam therapy: a single-institution retrospective study. PubMed. 2026; doi: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ25-0442

2. Sympascho Young, Kiran Phaterpekar, Derek S Tsang, Gabriel Boldt, Glenn S Bauman. Proton Radiotherapy for Management of Medulloblastoma: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes. PubMed Central. 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.adro.2023.101189

Prostate Cancer

1. Forsthoefel M, Hankins R, Ballew E, Frame C, DeBlois D, Pang D, Krishnan P, Unger K, Kowalczyk K, Lynch J, Dritschilo A, Collins SP, Lischalk JW. Prostate Cancer Treatment with Pencil Beam Proton Therapy Using Rectal Spacers sans Endorectal Balloons. Int J Part Ther. 2022; 9(1):28–41. doi:10.14338/IJPT-21-00039

2. Choo R, Hillman DW, Mitchell C, Daniels T, Vargas C, Rwigema JCM, Corbin K, Keole S, Vora S, Merrell K, Stish B, Pisansky T, Davis BJ, Amundson A, Wong W, et al. Proton Therapy of the Prostate and Pelvic Lymph Nodes for High-Risk Prostate Cancer: Acute Toxicity. Int J Part Ther. 2021; (published online / in PMC).

3. Ho CK, Bryant CM, Mendenhall NP, Henderson RH, Mendenhall WM, Nichols RC, Morris CG, Kanmaniraja D, Hamlin DJ, Li Z, Hoppe BS. Long-term outcomes following proton therapy for prostate cancer in young men with a focus on sexual health. Acta Oncologica. 2018; 57(5):582–588. doi:10.1080/0284186X.2018.1427886.

4. Hoppe BS, Nichols RC, Henderson RH, Morris CG, Williams CR, Costa J, Marcus RB Jr, Mendenhall WM, Li Z, Mendenhall NP. Erectile function, incontinence, and other quality of life outcomes following proton therapy for prostate cancer in men 60 years old and younger. Cancer. 2012;118(18):4619–4626. doi:10.1002/cncr.27398.

5. Vees H, Haertl K, Radu C, et al. Pelvic lymph node irradiation including pararectal sentinel nodes for prostate cancer patients: treatment optimization comparing intensity-modulated x-rays, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and intensity-modulated proton therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2015 Apr;14(2):181–189. doi:10.7785/tcrt.2012.500405.

6. Hoppe BS, Nichols RC, Mendenhall WM, Morris CG, Li Z, Su Z, Williams CR, Costa J, Henderson RH. Five‑Year Outcomes from 3 Prospective Trials of Image‑Guided Proton Therapy for Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014; 88(3):596–602. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.11.007

Skin Cancer

1. Bridhikitti J, Viehman JK, Harmsen WS, Amundson AC, Shiraishi S, Mundy DW, Rwigema JM, McGee LA, Patel SH, Routman DM, Lester SC, Neben-Wittich MA, Garces YI, Ma DJ, Foote RL. Oncologic Outcomes for Head and Neck Skin Malignancies Treated with Protons. Int J Part Ther. 2021 Jun 25;8(1):294-303. doi: 10.14338/IJPT-20-00045.1. PMID: 34285955; PMCID: PMC8270091.

2. Zhang Y, Lima ICS, Woo AA, Zieminski S, Adams JA, Hughes MA, Chan AW. Proton Beam Therapy for Advanced Periocular Skin Cancer: An Eye-Sparing Approach. Cancers (Basel). 2025 Jan 20;17(2):327. doi: 10.3390/cancers17020327. PMID: 39858108; PMCID: PMC11764392.

3. Romesser PB, Cahlon O, Scher E, Zhou Y, Berry SL, Rybkin A, Sine KM, Tang S, Sherman EJ, Wong R, Lee NY. Proton beam radiation therapy results in significantly reduced toxicity compared with intensity-modulated radiation therapy for head and neck tumors that require ipsilateral radiation. Radiother Oncol. 2016 Feb;118(2):286-92. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.12.008. Epub 2016 Feb 8. PMID: 26867969; PMCID: PMC4980117.

Thoracic Cancer

1. Lin SH, Hobbs BP, Verma V, Tidwell RS, Smith GL, Lei X, Corsini EM, Mok I, Wei X, Yao L, Wang X, Komaki RU, Chang JY, Chun SG, Jeter MD, Swisher SG, Ajani JA, Blum-Murphy M, Vaporciyan AA, Mehran RJ, Koong AC, Gandhi SJ, Hofstetter WL, Hong TS, Delaney TF, Liao Z, Mohan R. Randomized Phase IIB Trial of Proton Beam Therapy Versus Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2020 May 10;38(14):1569-1579. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.02503. Epub 2020 Mar 11. PMID: 32160096; PMCID: PMC7213588.

2. Wang J, Wei C, Tucker SL, Myles B, Palmer M, Hofstetter WL, Swisher SG, Ajani JA, Cox JD, Komaki R, Liao Z, Lin SH. Predictors of postoperative complications after trimodality therapy for esophageal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013 Aug 1;86(5):885-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.04.006. PMID: 23845841; PMCID: PMC3786201.

3. Yu NY, DeWees TA, Voss MM, Breen WG, Chiang JS, Ding JX, Daniels TB, Owen D, Olivier KR, Garces YI, Park SS, Sarkaria JN, Yang P, Savvides PS, Ernani V, Liu W, Schild SE, Merrell KW, Sio TT. Cardiopulmonary Toxicity Following Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT) Versus Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) for Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Lung Cancer. 2022 Dec;23(8):e526-e535. doi: 10.1016/j.cllc.2022.07.017. Epub 2022 Aug 10. PMID: 36104272

4. Elhammali A, Blanchard P, Yoder A, Liao Z, Zhang X, Ronald Zhu X, Allen PK, Jeter M, Welsh J, Nguyen QN. Clinical outcomes after intensity-modulated proton therapy with concurrent chemotherapy for inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2019 Jul;136:136-142. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.03.029. Epub 2019 Apr 17. PMID: 31015115.